Association of Metabolic Syndrome Components with Menopausal Bangladeshi Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70818/jnmc.v02i01.09Keywords:
Metabolic Syndrome, Menopause, Obesity, Triglycerides, BangladeshAbstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of disorders including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, which increase cardiovascular risk. Postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable to these components due to hormonal changes. Objective: To examine the association of MetS components with menopausal status in Bangladeshi women attending a tertiary hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted with a purposive sample of 200 Bangladeshi women aged 40-55 years. The participants were divided into two groups: 125 menopausal women (with MetS) and 75 non-menopausal women (without MetS). Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TAG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blood pressure (BP) were assessed. The modified NCEP ATP-III criteria were used to identify MetS components. Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and calculation of odds ratios (OR). Results: The incidence of MetS rose significantly among menopausal women (62.5%) compared to non-menopausal women (37.5%) (p<0.05). Among the five defining components of MetS (according to modified NCEP ATP-III criteria), obesity showed the highest association with menopause (OR=2.45, p=0.03). The significance of positive association between menopause and other components of MetS was: elevated TAG (OR=2.08, p=0.02), elevated FBG (OR=1.95, p=0.04), and hypertension (OR=1.87, p=0.03). In contrast, HDL-C showed a significant negative association (OR=0.67, p=0.01). The risk of developing components of MetS was found to be significantly higher in menopausal women compared to non-menopausal women for abdominal obesity (OR=2.45), high TAG (OR=2.08), elevated FBG (OR=1.95), and elevated BP (OR=1.87). The standard deviation for waist circumference was 8.4 cm, and for FBG, it was 1.2 mg/dL. Conclusion: Menopause significantly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome in Bangladeshi women, particularly obesity, insulin resistance, and high triglycerides.
References
1. Kabir MR, Chan K. Menopausal experiences of women of Chinese ethnicity: A meta-ethnography. PLoS One. 2023 Sep 13;18(9):e0289322. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289322. PMID: 37703245; PMCID: PMC10499211.
2. Rusu ME, Bigman G, Ryan AS, Popa DS. Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies. Nutrients. 2024 Jul 20;16(14):2356. doi: 10.3390/nu16142356. PMID: 39064799; PMCID: PMC11279569.
3. Opoku AA, Abushama M, Konje JC. Obesity and menopause. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2023 Jun; 88:102348. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102348. PMID: 37244787.
4. Zhang C, Feng X, Zhang X, Chen Y, Kong J, Lou Y. Research progress on the correlation between estrogen and estrogen receptor on postmenopausal sarcopenia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Nov 21; 15:1494972. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1494972. PMID: 39640884; PMCID: PMC11617174.
5. Balvers M, de Goffau M, van Riel N, van den Born BJ, Galenkamp H, Zwinderman K, Nieuwdorp M, Levin E. Ethnic variations in metabolic syndrome components and their associations with the gut microbiota: the HELIUS study. Genome Med. 2024 Mar 20;16(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s13073-024-01295-7. PMID: 38509598; PMCID: PMC10953122.
6. Chen X, Giles J, Yao Y, Yip W, Meng Q et al. The path to healthy ageing in China: a Peking University-Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2022 Dec 3;400(10367):1967-2006. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01546-X. PMID: 36423650; PMCID: PMC9801271.
7. Qureshi D, Collister J, Allen NE, Kuźma E, Littlejohns T. Association between metabolic syndrome and risk of incident dementia in UK Biobank. Alzheimers Dement. 2024 Jan;20(1):447-458. doi: 10.1002/alz.13439. PMID: 37675869; PMCID: PMC10916994.
8. Bahtiyarca ZT, Serçe A. Effects of metabolic syndrome on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Turkish women. Afr Health Sci. 2023 Sep;23(3):99-108. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v23i3.13. PMID: 38357185; PMCID: PMC10862646.
9. Erdoğan K, Sanlier N. Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause: The Impact of Menopause Duration on Risk Factors and Components. Int J Womens Health. 2024 Jul 24;16:1249-1256. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S460645. PMID: 39070300; PMCID: PMC11283797.
10. Ko SH, Kim HS. Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 13;12(1):202. doi: 10.3390/nu12010202. PMID: 31941004; PMCID: PMC7019719.
11. Farahmand M, Bahri Khomamid M, Rahmati M, Azizi F, Ramezani Tehrani F. Aging and changes in adiposity indices: the impact of menopause. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022 Jan;45(1):69-77. doi: 10.1007/s40618-021-01616-2. PMID: 34255310.
12. Hettchen M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, Murphy MH, Shojaa M, Ghasemikaram M, Bragonzoni L, Benvenuti F, Ripamonti C, Benedetti MG, Julin M, Risto T, Kemmler W. Changes in Menopausal Risk Factors in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women After 13 Months of High-Intensity Exercise: The Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE-RCT. Clin Interv Aging. 2021 Jan 11;16:83-96. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S283177. PMID: 33469276; PMCID: PMC7810823.
13. Shabani M, Rezaei A, Badehnoosh B, Qorbani M, Yaseri M, Ramezani R, Emaminia F. The effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on lipid and glycaemic profiles and cardiovascular function in menopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Apr;75(4):e13812. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13812. PMID: 33145864.
14. Katzer K, Hill JL, McIver KB, Foster MT. Lipedema and the Potential Role of Estrogen in Excessive Adipose Tissue Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 29;22(21):11720. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111720. PMID: 34769153; PMCID: PMC8583809.
15. Gu Y, Zhou G, Zhou F, Wu Q, Ma C, Zhang Y, Ding J, Hua K. Life Modifications and PCOS: Old Story But New Tales. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 13;13:808898. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.808898. PMID: 35498415; PMCID: PMC9045543.
16. Sellers AJ, van Beek SMM, Hashim D, Baak R, Pallubinsky H, Moonen-Kornips E, Schaart G, Gemmink A, Jörgensen JA, van de Weijer T, Kalkhoven E, Hooiveld GJ, Kersten S, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Cold acclimation with shivering improves metabolic health in adults with overweight or obesity. Nat Metab. 2024 Dec;6(12):2246-2253. doi: 10.1038/s42255-024-01172-y. PMID: 39643644.
17. Luo X, Wang Y, Wang L, Shen Y, Ren M. Association Between Female Androgen Levels, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Disease: An NHANES Analysis (2013-2016). Int J Womens Health. 2024 Dec 5;16:2087-2101. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S475149. PMID: 39659294; PMCID: PMC11628313.
18. O'Neill SM, Travers CM, Otahal P, Khoo SK, Sharman JE. Menopause and accelerated aortic stiffness. Maturitas. 2024 Feb;180:107900. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107900. PMID: 38101308.
19. van der Ham K, Louwers YV, Laven JSE. Cardiometabolic biomarkers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2022 May;117(5):887-896. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.03.008. PMID: 35512973.
20. Jung H, Sung YA, Hong YS, Song DK, Hong SH, Lee H. Relationship between age at menarche and metabolic diseases in Korean postmenopausal women: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018. PLoS One. 2023 Jan 25;18(1):e0280929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280929. PMID: 36696408; PMCID: PMC9876285.
21. Regidor PA, Mueller A, Mayr M. Pharmacological and metabolic effects of drospirenone as a progestin-only pill compared to combined formulations with estrogen. Womens Health (Lond). 2023 Jan-Dec; 19:17455057221147388. doi: 10.1177/17455057221147388. PMID: 36744531; PMCID: PMC9905034.
22. Marlatt KL, Pitynski-Miller DR, Gavin KM, Moreau KL, Melanson EL, Santoro N, Kohrt WM. Body composition and cardiometabolic health across the menopause transition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Jan;30(1):14-27. doi: 10.1002/oby.23289. PMID: 34932890; PMCID: PMC8972960.
23. Feduniw S, Korczyńska L, Górski K, Zgliczyńska M, Bączkowska M, Byrczak M, Kociuba J, Ali M, Ciebiera M. The Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022 Dec 29;15(1):160. doi: 10.3390/nu15010160. PMID: 36615817; PMCID: PMC9824658.
24. Erdélyi A, Pálfi E, Tűű L, Nas K, Szűcs Z, Török M, Jakab A, Várbíró S. The Importance of Nutrition in Menopause and Perimenopause-A Review. Nutrients. 2023 Dec 21;16(1):27. doi: 10.3390/nu16010027. PMID: 38201856; PMCID: PMC10780928.
25. Han A, Choi YJ. Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Risk and Nutritional Status According to Menopause Age and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on MetS Prevalence in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutrients. 2024 Mar 27;16(7):967. doi: 10.3390/nu16070967. PMID: 38613001; PMCID: PMC11013047.
26. Basheer M, Saad E, Jeries H, Assy N. Liver Fat Storage Is a Better Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease than Visceral Fat. Metabolites. 2023 Jul 28;13(8):896. doi: 10.3390/metabo13080896. PMID: 37623840; PMCID: PMC10456344.
27. Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Pan K, Simon MS, Neuhouser ML, Haque R, Rohan TE, Wactawski-Wende J, Orchard TS, Mortimer JE, Lane D, Kaunitz AM, Desai P, Wild RA, Barac A, Manson JE. Breast cancer incidence and mortality by metabolic syndrome and obesity: The Women's Health Initiative. Cancer. 2024 Sep 15;130(18):3147-3156. doi: 10.1002/cncr.35318. PMID: 38736319.
28. Hurtado MD, Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt CL, Faubion SS. Weight Gain in Midlife Women. Curr Obes Rep. 2024 Jun;13(2):352-363. doi: 10.1007/s13679-024-00555-2. PMID: 38416337; PMCID: PMC11150086.
29. Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, Chow SL, Mathew RO, Khan SS, Coresh J, Baker-Smith CM, Carnethon MR, Després JP, Ho JE, Joseph JJ, Kernan WN, Khera A, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, Lewis EF, Lo KB, Ozkan B, Palaniappan LP, Patel SS, Pencina MJ, Powell-Wiley TM, Sperling LS, Virani SS, Wright JT, Rajgopal Singh R, Elkind MSV, Rangaswami J; American Heart Association. A Synopsis of the Evidence for the Science and Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Nov 14;148(20):1636-1664. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001186. PMID: 37807920.
30. Vigneswaran K, Hamoda H. Hormone replacement therapy - Current recommendations. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022 May;81:8-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.12.001. PMID: 35000809.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Farida Akhter, Muntakim Mahmud Saadi, Abul Bashar, Saiful Hasan Noman, Tanvir Hasan (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
